Painting out of the land

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Iowa artist Grant Wood is famous for the painting "American Gothic," depicting a dour pitchfork-wielding farmer and his prim female companion in front of a Carpenter Gothic-style house. The homespun scene has spawned numerous spoofs, sendups and entire books about its meaning. Like the Mona Lisa, it is an artwork that has become so familiar that it is banal.

A new exhibit at the Smithsonian's Renwick Gallery offers the opportunity to reappraise Wood's 1930 masterpiece, including such small, overlooked touches as a loose strand of hair and the potted snake plant on the porch. "American Gothic," on loan from Chicago's Art Institute, is making a rare three-month appearance as part of a longer-running retrospective, "Grant Wood's Studio," which traces the artist's early career from amateurish impressionist-style paintings inspired by trips to France in the 1920s to serene pastoral landscapes of his native Iowa, completed in the 1930s.

The most interesting part of the show reveals a little-known side of Wood: the metalwork, stained glass, commercial art and interior decorating that he undertook to make a living while pursuing the finer arts. His versatility in designing everything from a corn-cob chandelier to a folding screen and tufted lounge chairs makes you wonder why he bothered to take up painting.

One of his creations was his own studio in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, where he lived and worked from 1924 to 1935. The converted hayloft of a carriage house owned by the artist's patron, David Turner (who ran a funeral home) had a "stage" on one side where Wood painted "American Gothic" and other well-known works.

Large photomurals and various artifacts show that Wood decorated its open space with thickly plastered walls and checkerboard floors. Cabinet doors were covered in scraps of denim from the bib overalls he often wore. A coffin lid was turned into the front door and embellished with signs and an arrow so the artist could inform visitors of his whereabouts.

The exhibit coincides with the renovation of the studio and, like the Wood retrospective held at the Whitney Museum of Art in 1983, attempts to elevate the Iowa artist's reputation from hokey to haute. Wood was derided as a cornball illustrator-painter even during his lifetime and, after his death in 1942, came to be seen as a Midwestern version of Norman Rockwell.

Trained in Paris and familiar with modern art, Wood turned his back on the avant-garde in the belief that an artist should "paint out of the land and the people he knows best." He came to embrace American regionalism, a representational movement based on grass-roots ideals that counted artists Thomas Hart Benton and John Steuart Curry as members.

Wood's new direction was accompanied by a sudden change in style, from loose brush strokes to fastidious detail. The shift was inspired by a 1928 trip to Munich to supervise the making of a huge stained-glass window. While abroad, the Iowan became infatuated with Flemish and German art of the 15th century.

The exhibit is also abrupt in moving from the artist's dilettante beginnings to his assured portraits and stylized landscapes, almost as if it were two different shows. His best works turn out to have been painted between 1930, the same year as "American Gothic," and 1934. They include "Stone City, Iowa," where Wood started an art colony, and "Midnight Ride of Paul Revere." Both depict toy towns that look borrowed from a train set.

Wood's green acres, planted crops and hardworking laborers convey a rosy, if unrealistic, view of the country during the Great Depression, and many of his works border on nationalistic propaganda. No wonder he was appointed director of Iowa's Public Works of Art Project, an offshoot of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program. Wood's idyllic regionalism mirrored an American looking inward. In portraying America's heartland, he also poked fun at provincial stereotypes. "Daughters of the Revolution" (1932) lampoons a trio of tight-lipped, xenophobic crones posed against a painting of Washington crossing the Delaware by Emanuel Leutze, a German-born artist. "Booster," one of several illustrations by Wood for Sinclair Lewis' novel "Main Street," captures the bluster of a hustling salesman.