Italian women of easel virtue

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There are potboilers as well as exquisite paintings in the National Museum of Women in the Arts' challenging "Italian Women Artists From Renaissance to Baroque" -- works rolled out to make money as well as those expressing genuine, sometimes violent, emotion.

The exhibit's female painters -- Sofonisba Anguissola (1535-1625), Lavinia Fontana (1552-1614), Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-1654) and Elisabetta Sirani (1638-1665) as well as others -- weren't home baking cookies.

The museum presents them as among "the first professional women artists in modern Italy" and claims this as the first exhibit picturing their economic, social and historic status.

Competition existed, of course. Chiara Varotari (1584-1663) beat out others to paint a noted beauty from Padua, her stunning "Portrait of a Lady (Pantasilea Dotto Capodilista?)."

Varotari concentrated on the Pantasilea's social status. The intricately woven, symbols-embossed, gold-brocaded silk dress, glistening jewelry and elaborate hairdo express the subject's wealth.

Not so with Gentileschi's celebrated "Judith Slaying Holofernes." Stylistically following the now famous, criminally violent Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Gentileschi shows the biblical Judith savagely beheading the notorious Assyrian general.

Raped by fellow painter Agostino Tassi in 1611, Gentileschi was forced to testify against the artist in a well-publicized seven-month trial.

In obvious retaliation for the humiliation, Gentileschi gets even in the most graphic of ways. With powerful, Caravagesque arms and hands, Judith sinks a dagger into the drunken general's neck. Her partly revealed breasts, with which she previously enticed Holofernes, spill from her dress.

Female artists also had to bring in cash. Dominican nun Plautilla Nelli (1524?-1588) earned money for her order. Fontana -- a row of her paintings hangs in the exhibit's last gallery -- painted dozens of portraits.

Women even earned cash for their dowries. Amilcare Anguissola, father of six daughters, educated them as painters.